Lublin has a lower fertility rate than most regions in Europe

To keep a country’s population stable from one generation to the next, at least two children should be born per woman. But how many European regions pass that threshold?
In this report we look closer at the fertility rates across Europe region by region. These are our findings for Lublin.

This report is primarily intended to be used by journalists as a starting point for further investigation into fertility rates and demographic developments in Europe. You are free to use it under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.

In Europe, fertility rates have already fallen below the critical threshold of two children per woman. Not even the European countries with highest fertility rates are reaching replacement-level fertility, meaning that, without taking migration into account, countries will face shrinking populations.

Lublin has a relatively low fertility rate compared with the rest of Europe, as each woman gives birth to on average just 1.39 children, based on the latest figures from 2017

Compared to other regions in Poland the fertility rate in Lublin is relatively low (tied 14 among 17 NUTS2 regions). In Pomorskie the fertility rates are highest, while they are lowest in Swietokrzyskie.

Fertility rate in NUTS regions in Poland in 2017
RegionNumber of children per mother
1Pomorskie1.7
2Wielkopolskie1.6
14Lubelskie1.4
16Opolskie1.4
17Swietokrzyskie1.3

Fertility rates lowest in southern Europe

Fertility rates vary across Europe, and there are clear patterns to where they are higher and lower. Eastern and especially southern Europe have the lowest rates, with significant parts of Italy, Spain and Portugal falling below 1.3 children per woman.

Meanwhile, regions with relatively high fertility rates for Europe can be found in France, Sweden and Turkey. However, only 13 out of 328 regions passed the replacement rate threshold of 2.1 in 2017. This is the fertility rate needed to sustain the current population level without immigration. Nine of the regions above 2.1 are in Turkey.

The average fertility rate for all EU countries is 1.59 children per woman. After decades of dropping fertility rates, European fertility rates grew in the first decade of the 2000s. This was then followed by a slight dip in 2013 and a modest rebound in the last couple of years.

Mothers getting older

The areas where fertility rates are lowest also tend to be the ones where the average age at childbirth is higher.

Areas in Northern Europe are the exception to this trend, where for instance Sweden has some of the continent’s highest fertility rates, despite the average age of mothers at childbirth being relatively high.

Women in Lublin have children on average when they are 29.8 years old, which is younger than most regions in Europe.

The overarching trend is clear: First-time mothers are getting older. Just a handful of all the regions analysed had younger mothers in 2017 compared to five years previously.

Mean age of mother in NUTS regions in Poland
RegionMean age
1Warszawski stoleczny30.4
2Malopolskie29.9
2Podkarpackie29.9
4Lubelskie29.8
13Warminsko-Mazurskie29.0
17Kujawsko-Pomorskie28.9

What about the future? Countries with fertility rates below replacement level must adapt to the challenge of a population that is both ageing and shrinking.

A 2018 fertility study in the Lancet said countries would need to consider mitigating the effects with liberal immigration policies, higher retirement age or policies encouraging women to have more children. And of course, it may not be all bad. Although declining populations are a demographic challenge for societies, they could also be beneficial for the environment.

Comments and notes

Lublin in Poland
Lublin in Poland

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